A¹ homotopy theory

In algebraic geometry and algebraic topology, a branch of mathematics, A¹ homotopy theory is a way to apply the techniques of algebraic topology, specifically homotopy, to algebraic varieties and, more generally, to schemes. The theory is due to Fabien Morel and Vladimir Voevodsky. The underlying idea is that it should be possible to develop a purely algebraic approach to homotopy theory by replacing the unit interval [0,1], which is not an algebraic variety, with the affine line A¹, which is. The theory requires a substantial amount of technique to set up, but has spectacular applications such as Voevodsky's construction of the derived category of mixed motives.

Construction of the A¹ homotopy category

A¹ homotopy theory is founded on a category called the A¹ homotopy category. This is the homotopy category for a certain closed model category whose construction requires several steps.

Most of the construction works for any site T. Assume that the site is subcanonical, and let Shv(T) be the category of sheaves of sets on this site. This category is too restrictive, so we will need to enlarge it. Let Δ be the simplicial category, that is, the category whose objects are the sets {0}, {0, 1}, {0, 1, 2}, and so on, and whose morphisms are order-preserving functions. We let Δ^opShv(T) denote the category of functors Δ^op → Shv(T). That is, Δ^opShv(T) is the category of simplicial objects on Shv(T). Such an object is also called a simplicial sheaf on T. The category of all simplicial sheaves on T is a Grothendieck topos.

A point of a site T is a geometric morphism x^* : Shv(T) → Set, where Set is the category of sets. We will define a closed model structure on Δ^opShv(T) in terms of points. Let $f�: \mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{Y}$ be a morphism of simplicial sheaves. We say that:

f is a weak equivalence if, for any point x of T, the morphism of simplicial sets $x^*f�: x^*\mathcal{X} \to x^*\mathcal{Y}$ is a weak equivalence.
f is a cofibration if it is a monomorphism.
f is a fibration if it has the right lifting property with respect to any cofibration which is a weak equivalence.

The homotopy category of this model structure is denoted $\mathcal{H}_s(T)$ .

This model structure will not give the right homotopy category because it does not pay any attention to the unit interval object. Call this object I, and denote the final object of T by pt. We assume that I comes with a map μ : I × I → I and two maps i₀, i₁ : pt → I such that:

If p is the canonical morphism I → pt, then
- μ(i₀ × 1_I) = μ(1_I × i₀) = i₀p.
- μ(i₁ × 1_I) = μ(1_I × i₁) = 1_I.
The morphism $i_0 \amalg i_1�: \text{pt} \amalg \text{pt} \to I$ is a monomorphism.

Now we localize the homotopy theory with respect to I. A simplicial sheaf $\mathcal{X}$ is called I-local if for any simplicial sheaf $\mathcal{Y}$ the map

$\text{Hom}_{\mathcal{H}_s(T)}(\mathcal{Y} \times I, \mathcal{X}) \to \text{Hom}_{\mathcal{H}_s(T)}(\mathcal{Y}, \mathcal{X})$

induced by i₀ : pt → I is a bijection. A morphism $f�: \mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{Y}$ is an I-weak equivalence if for any I-local $\mathcal{Z}$ , the induced map

$\text{Hom}_{\mathcal{H}_s(T)}(\mathcal{Y}, \mathcal{Z}) \to \text{Hom}_{\mathcal{H}_s(T)}(\mathcal{X}, \mathcal{Z})$

is a bijection. The homotopy theory of the site with interval (T, I) is the localization of Δ^opShv(T) with respect to I-weak equivalences. This category is called $\mathcal{H}(T, I)$ .

Finally we may define the A¹ homotopy category. Let S be a finite dimensional Noetherian scheme, and let Sm/S denote the category of smooth schemes over S. Equip Sm/S with the Nisnevich topology to get the site (Sm/S)_Nis. We let the affine line A¹ play the role of the interval. The above construction determines a closed model structure on $\Delta^\text{op}\text{Shv}_\text{Nis}(\text{Sm}/S)$ , and the corresponding homotopy category is called the A¹ homotopy category.

References

Morel, Fabien; Voevodsky, Vladimir (1999), "A¹-homotopy theory of schemes", Publications Mathématiques de l'IHÉS 90 (90): 45–143, doi:10.1007/BF02698831, MR 1813224, http://archive.numdam.org/article/PMIHES_1999__90__45_0.pdf, retrieved 9 May 2008
Voevodsky, Vladimir (1998), A¹-homotopy theory, "Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematicians, Vol. I (Berlin, 1998)", Documenta Mathematica: 579–604, ISSN 1431-0635, MR 1648048, http://mathunion.org/ICM/ICM1998.1/

A¹ homotopy theory

Construction of the A1 homotopy category

References

Construction of the A¹ homotopy category